Acid:
An acid (often represented
by the generic formula HA
[H+A−]) is traditionally
considered any chemical
compound that, when
dissolved in water, gives a
solution with a hydrogen ion
activity greater than in
pure water, i.e. a pH less
than 7.0. That approximates
the modern definition of
Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted
and Martin Lowry, who
independently defined an
acid as a compound which
donates a hydrogen ion (H+)
to another compound (called
a base). Common examples
include acetic acid (in
vinegar) and sulfuric acid
(used in car batteries).
Acid/base systems are
different from redox
reactions in that there is
no change in oxidation
state. Acrylic may refer to:
chemical compounds that
contain the acryl group
derived from acrylic acid.
Acrylic:
Poly (methylmethacrylate)
(PMMA) poly (methyl
2-methylpropenoate) is a
thermoplastic and
transparent plastic.
Chemically, it is the
synthetic polymer of methyl
methacrylate. It is sold by
the trade names Plexiglas,
Vitroflex, Limacryl, R-Cast,
Per-Clax, Perspex, Plazcryl,
Acrylex, Acrylite,
Acrylplast, Altuglas,
Polycast, Oroglass, Optix
and Lucite and is commonly
called acrylic glass, simply
acrylic, perspex or
plexiglas. Acrylic, or
acrylic fiber, can also
refer to polymers or
copolymers containing
polyacrylonitrile. The
material was developed in
1928 in various laboratories
and was brought to market in
1933 by Rohm and Haas
Company. PMMA is often used
as an alternative to glass,
and in competition with
polycarbonate (PC). It is
often preferred because of
its moderate properties,
easy handling and
processing, and low cost,
but behaves in a brittle
manner when loaded,
especially under an impact
force. To produce 1 kg of
PMMA, about 2 kg of
petroleum is needed. PMMA
ignites at 460°C and burns
completely to form only
carbon dioxide and water.
Alkaline: In
chemistry, an alkal is a
basic, ionic salt of an
alkali metal or alkaline
earth metal element. Alkalis
are best known for being
bases that dissolve in
water. Bases are compounds
with a pH greater than 7.
The adjective alkaline is
commonly used in English as
a synonym for base,
especially for soluble
bases. This broad use of the
term is likely to have come
about because alkalis were
the first bases known to
obey the Arrhenius
definition of a base and are
still among the more common
bases. Since Bronsted-Lowry
acid-base theory, the term
alkali in chemistry is
normally restricted to those
salts containing alkali and
alkaline earth metal
elements.
Catheter: In
medicine a catheter is a
tube that can be inserted
into a body cavity, duct or
vessel. Catheters thereby
allow drainage or injection
of fluids or access by
surgical instruments. The
process of inserting a
catheter is catheterization.
In most uses a catheter is a
thin, flexible tube: a
"soft" catheter; in some
uses, it is a larger, solid
tube: a "hard" catheter.
Chamber:
The entire Parylene
process is generally carried
out in a closed system under
constant negative pressure.
Such closed system may
incorporate separate
chambers for the
vaporization, pyrolysis, and
deposition steps of the
process, with such chambers
being connected by way of
appropriate plumbing or
tubular connections.
Conformal Coating:
Conformal coating
material is applied to a
surface to act as protection
against moisture, dust,
chemicals, and temperature
extremes. This type of
coating "conforms" to the
applied surface with an
exact thickness of film 3
microns thick.
Dimer: A
dimer is a chemical or
biological entity consisting
of two subunits called
monomers, which are held
together by either
intramolecular forces
(covalent bonds) or weaker
intermolecular forces.
Elastomer Elastomeric:
An Elastomer is a polymer
with the property of
elasticity. The term, which
is derived from elastic
polymer, is often used
interchangeably with the
term rubber, and is
preferred when referring to
vulcanisates. Each of the
monomers which link to form
the polymer is usually made
of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
and/or silicon. Elastomers
are amorphous polymers
existing above their glass
transition temperature, so
that considerable segmental
motion is possible. At
ambient temperatures rubbers
are thus relatively soft
(E~3MPa) and deformable.
Their primary uses are for
seals, adhesives and molded
flexible parts.
Environment:
The
biophysical environment is
the symbiosis between the
physical environment and the
biological life forms within
the environment, and include
all variables that comprise
the Earth's biosphere. The
biophysical environment can
be divided into two
categories: the natural
environment and the built
environment, with some
overlap between the two.
Following the industrial
revolution, the built
environment has become an
increasingly significant
part of the Earth's
environment.
Epoxy: In
chemistry, epoxy or
polyepoxide is a
thermosetting epoxide
polymer that cures
(polymerizes and crosslinks)
when mixed with a catalyzing
agent or hardener. Most
common epoxy resins are
produced from a reaction
between epichlorohydrin and
bisphenol-A. The first
commercial attempts to
prepare resins from
epichlorohydrin were made in
1927 in the United States.
Credit for the first
synthesis of
bisphenol-A-based epoxy
resins is shared by Dr.
Pierre Castan of Switzerland
and Dr. S.O. Greenlee of the
United States in 1936. Dr.
Castan's work was licensed
by Ciba, Ltd. of
Switzerland, which went on
to become one of the three
major epoxy resin producers
worldwide. Ciba's epoxy
business was spun off and
later sold in the late 1990s
and is now the advanced
materials business unit of
Huntsman Corporation of the
United States. Dr.
Greenlee's work was for the
firm of Devoe-Reynolds of
the United States.
Devoe-Reynolds, which was
active in the early days of
the epoxy resin industry,
was sold to Shell Chemical
(now Hexion, formerly
Resolution Polymers and
others).
Flight:
Flight is the process by
which an object moves either
through the air, or movement
beyond earth's atmosphere
(as in the case of
spaceflight), by
aerodynamically generating
lift, propulsive thrust or
aerostatically using
buoyancy, or by simple
ballistic movement.
Friction:
Friction is the force
resisting the relative
lateral (tangential) motion
of solid surfaces, fluid
layers, or material elements
in contact. It is usually
subdivided into several
varieties: Dry friction
resists relative lateral
motion of two solid surfaces
in contact. Dry friction is
also subdivided into static
friction between non-moving
surfaces, and kinetic
friction (sometimes called
sliding friction or dynamic
friction) between moving
surfaces. Lubricated
friction [1] or fluid
friction [2] [3] resists
relative lateral motion of
two solid surfaces separated
by a layer of gas or liquid.
Fluid friction is also used
to describe the friction
between layers within a
fluid that are moving
relative to each other.
[4][5] Skin friction is a
component of drag, the force
resisting the motion of a
solid body through a fluid.
Internal friction is the
force resisting motion
between the elements making
up a solid material while it
undergoes deformation.
Green:
Chemicals normally
associated with being
environmentally friendly by
being biodegradable.
Hydrochloric:
Hydrochloric acid is the
solution of hydrogen
chloride (HCl) in water. It
is a highly corrosive,
strong mineral acid and has
major industrial uses. It is
found naturally in gastric
acid. Historically called
muriatic acid or spirits of
salt, hydrochloric acid was
produced from vitriol and
common salt. The alchemist
Jabir ibn Hayyan first
formally described it in the
eighth century. During the
middle Ages, it was used by
alchemists in the quest for
the philosopher's stone, and
later by European scientists
including Glauber,
Priestley, and Davy in their
scientific research. With
major production starting in
the Industrial Revolution,
hydrochloric acid is used in
the chemical industry as a
chemical reagent in the
large-scale production of
vinyl chloride for PVC
plastic, and MDI/TDI for
polyurethane. It has
numerous smaller-scale
applications, including
household cleaning,
production of gelatin and
other food additives,
descaling, and leather
processing. About 20 million
metric tons of hydrochloric
acid are produced annually.
Lubricity:
Lubricity is the measure of
the reduction in friction of
a lubricant. The study of
lubrication and mechanism
wear is called tribology.
Micron: A
micron is equal to one
millionth of a meter, or
about a tenth of the size of
a droplet of mist or fog. It
is particulate smaller than
the naked eye can see. A
micron is 1/25,000th of an
inch. A human hair is about
150 micros; the smallest
thing that can be seen with
the naked eye is about 10
microns. It is the largest
particles, above 5.0
microns, that cause
equipment problems and are
what most filters are able
to catch. However, 98% of
the particles in the air are
smaller than 1.0 micron.
These "sub-micron" particles
are not caught by most
filters and get through our
bodies' natural defenses
when inhaled. In technical
terms, 1000 microns is equal
to 1 mm. Human hair is 60 to
80 microns and the smallest
visible object is about 40
microns across. 1 micron =
0.03937007874 mil
MIL: A
United States Defense
Standard, often called a
military standard,
"MIL-STD", "MIL-SPEC", or
(informally) "MilSpecs", is
used to help achieve
standardization objectives
by the U.S. Department of
Defense. Standardization is
beneficial in achieving
interoperability, ensuring
products meet certain
requirements, commonality,
reliability, and total cost
of ownership, compatibility
with logistics systems, and
similar defense-related
objectives [1] .Defense
Standards are also used by
other non-Defense government
organizations, technical
organizations, and industry.
This article discusses
definitions, history, and
usage of Defense Standards.
Related documents, such as
Defense Handbooks and
Defense Specifications are
also addressed.
Moisture: Moisture generally
refers to the presence of
water, often in trace
amounts. The moisture
content is often an
important aspect of various
foodstuffs including cheese
and many dried goods such as
tea where excess moisture
can promote bacterial
growth, decay, molding, or
rotting over time. Excessive
moisture is usually
undesirable and can also
cause rot in wood or other
organic material, corrosion
in metals, and electrical
short circuits. Many home
and business owners go to
great pains to prevent these
effects. Many products are
sold to prevent this. Some
foodstuffs and other
packaged products come with
desiccators, often made of
silicon oxide, to absorb
moisture. In skin, leather,
and wood, moisture can also
refer to natural oils.
Moisture is also sometimes
used to refer to the liquid
form of solvents other than
water, especially when
present in a solid. Moisture
is also used to refer to any
type of precipitation.
Monomer:
Monomer is a small molecule
that may become chemically
bonded to other monomers to
form a polymer.
Paraxylylene: The present
invention provides a new
class of precursors for
forming an improved
diamond-like carbon coating
on a work piece. The
precursors of the present
invention are paraxylylenes,
preferably dimers of
paraxylylene, which are
solid at room temperature
and which will vaporize,
pyrolize to substantially
monomeric form, condense
onto a work piece, and
spontaneously polymerize to
form a "parylene" film which
is free of precursor
droplets and absorbed water.
Upon bombardment with an ion
beam, the parylene film is
converted into a uniform,
pinhole-free DLC coating.
Pitch:
A measure of distance
between leads from an
integrated circuit
Plastic:
Plastic is the general
common term for a wide range
of synthetic or
semi-synthetic organic solid
materials suitable for the
manufacture of industrial
products. Plastics are
typically polymers of high
molecular weight, and may
contain other substances to
improve performance and/or
reduce costs. The word
derives from the Greek
(plastikos), "fit for
molding", and from (plastos)
molded [1] [2]. It refers to
their malleability, or
plasticity during
manufacture that allows them
to be cast, pressed, or
extruded into an enormous
variety of shapes — such as
films, fibers, plates,
tubes, bottles, boxes, and
much more. The common word
"plastic" should not be
confused with the technical
adjective "plastic", which
is applied to any material
which undergoes a permanent
change of shape (a "plastic
deformation") when strained
beyond a certain point.
Aluminum, for instance, is
"plastic" in this sense, but
not "a plastic" in the
common sense; while some
plastics, in their finished
forms, will break before
deforming — and therefore
are not "plastic" in the
technical sense.
Polymer: A
polymer is a large molecule
(macromolecule) composed of
repeating structural units
typically connected by
covalent chemical bonds.
While polymer in popular
usage suggests plastic, the
term actually refers to a
large class of natural and
synthetic materials with a
variety of properties and
purposes. Polypropylene:
IUPAC name [show] Poly
(propane-1, 2-diyl) except
where noted otherwise, data
are given for materials in
their standard state at 25
°C, 100 kPa). Well-known
examples of polymers include
plastics and proteins. A
simple example is
polypropylene, whose
repeating unit structure is
shown at the right. However,
polymers are not just
limited to having
predominantly carbon
backbones, elements such as
silicon form familiar
materials such as silicones,
examples being silly putty
and waterproof plumbing
sealant. The backbone of DNA
is in fact based on a
phosphodiester bond. Natural
polymer materials such as
shellac and amber have been
in use for centuries.
Biopolymers such as proteins
and nucleic acids play
crucial roles in biological
processes. A variety of
other natural polymers
exist, such as cellulose,
which is the main
constituent of wood and
paper. The list of synthetic
polymers includes Bakelite,
neoprene, nylon, PVC,
polystyrene,
polyacrylonitrile, PVB,
silicone, and many more.
Polymers are studied in the
fields of polymer chemistry,
polymer physics, and polymer
science.
Potting: In
electronics, potting is a
process of filling a
complete electronic assembly
with a solid compound for
resistance to shock and
vibration, and for exclusion
of moisture and corrosive
agents. Thermosetting
plastics are often used.
Most circuit board assembly
houses coat assemblies with
a layer of transparent
conformal coating rather
than potting. Conformal
coating gives most of the
benefits of potting, and is
lighter and easier to
inspect, test, and repair.
When potting a circuit board
that uses surface-mount
technology, Potting
Solutions recommends using
low TG potting compounds
such as polyurethane or
silicone, because high Tg
potting compounds may break
solder bonds as they harden
and shrink at low
temperatures.
Rectifier: A
rectifier is an electrical
device that converts
alternating current (AC) to
direct current (DC), a
process known as
rectification. Rectifiers
have many uses including as
components of power supplies
and as detectors of radio
signals. Rectifiers may be
made of solid state diodes,
vacuum tube diodes, mercury
arc valves, and other
components. A device which
performs the opposite
function (converting DC to
AC) is known as an inverter.
When only one diode is used
to rectify AC (by blocking
the negative or positive
portion of the waveform),
the difference between the
term diode and the term
rectifier is merely one of
usage, i.e., the term
rectifier describes a diode
that is being used to
convert AC to DC. Almost all
rectifiers comprise a number
of diodes in a specific
arrangement for more
efficiently converting AC to
DC than is possible with
only one diode. Before the
development of silicon
semiconductor rectifiers,
vacuum tube diodes and
copper (I) oxide or selenium
rectifier stacks were used.
Early radio receivers,
called crystal radios, used
a "cat's whisker" of fine
wire pressing on a crystal
of galena (lead sulfide) to
serve as a point-contact
rectifier or "crystal
detector". In gas heating
systems flame rectification
can be used to detect a
flame. Two metal electrodes
in the outer layer of the
flame provide a current path
and rectification of an
applied alternating voltage,
but only while the flame is
present.
Refraction:
Index of Refraction: The
refractive index (or index
of refraction) of a medium
is a measure for how much
the speed of light (or other
waves such as sound waves)
is reduced inside the
medium. For example, typical
soda-lime glass has a
refractive index of 1.5,
which means that in glass,
light travels at 1 / 1.5 =
0.67 times the speed of
light in a vacuum. Two
common properties of glass
and other transparent
materials are directly
related to their refractive
index. First, light rays
change direction when they
cross the interface from air
to the material, an effect
that is used in lenses.
Second, light reflects
partially from surfaces that
have a refractive index
different from that of their
surroundings.
Resistance:
Electrical resistance, a
measure of the degree to
which an object opposes an
electric current through it.
Silicone: Silicones are
largely inert compounds with
a wide variety of forms and
uses. Typically
heat-resistant, nonstick,
and rubberlike, they are
frequently used in cookware,
medical applications,
sealants, lubricants, and
insulation. Silicones are
polymers that include
silicon together with
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
and sometimes other chemical
elements. One of the most
common uses is holding glass
together (e.g., in
aquariums).
SMT:
Surface-mount technology
(SMT) is a method for
constructing electronic
circuits in which the
components (SMC, or Surface
Mounted Components) are
mounted directly onto the
surface of printed circuit
boards (PCBs). Electronic
devices so made are called
surface-mount devices or
SMDs. In the industry it has
largely replaced the
through-hole technology
construction method of
fitting components with wire
leads into holes in the
circuit board. An SMT
component is usually smaller
than its through-hole
counterpart because it has
either smaller leads or no
leads at all. It may have
short pins or leads of
various styles, flat
contacts, and a matrix of
solder balls (BGAs), or
terminations on the body of
the component.
Spec: In
engineering, manufacturing,
and business, it is vital
for suppliers, purchasers,
and users of materials,
products, or services to
understand and agree upon
all requirements. A
specification is a type of a
standard which is often
referenced by a contract or
procurement document. It
provides the necessary
details about the specific
requirements. Specifications
may be written by government
agencies, standards
organizations (ASTM, ISO,
CEN, etc), trade
associations, corporations,
and others. A product
specification does not
necessarily prove the
product to be correct. Just
because an item is stamped
with a specification number
does not, by itself,
indicate that the item is
fit for any particular use.
The people who use the item
(engineers, trade unions,
etc) or specify the item
(building codes, government,
industry, etc) have the
responsibility to consider
the available
specifications, specify the
correct one, enforce
compliance, and use the item
correctly. Validation of
suitability is necessary. An
example of a US Federal
specification is FIPS-PUB
159, Detail Specification
for 62.5-μm Core
diameter/125-μm Cladding
Diameter Class IA Multimode
Optical Fibers. (Source:
from Federal Standard 1037C
and from MIL-STD-188)
Urethane:
Are a group of organic
compounds sharing a common
functional group with the
general structure - NH (CO)
O -. Carbonates are esters
of carbamic acid, Nh3COOH,
an unstable compound. Since
carbamic acid contains a
nitrogen attached to a
carboxyl group, it is also
an amide. Therefore,
carbamate esters may have
alkyl or aryl groups
substituted on the nitrogen,
or the amide function. For
example, ethyl carbamate
(trivial name "urethane"),
is unsubstituted, whereas
ethyl N–methylcarbamate has
a methyl group attached to
the nitrogen (see methyl
isocyanate for formation of
N-methylcarbamates).
Vacuum:
Vacuum is a volume of space
that is essentially empty of
matter, such that its
gaseous pressure is much
less than atmospheric
pressure. [1] The word comes
from the Latin term for
"empty," but in reality, no
volume of space can ever be
perfectly empty. A perfect
vacuum with a gaseous
pressure of absolute zero is
a philosophical concept that
is never observed in
practice. Physicists often
discuss ideal test results
that would occur in a
perfect vacuum, which they
simply call "vacuum" or
"free space" in this
context, and use the term
partial vacuum to refer to
real vacuum. The Latin term
in vacuo is also used to
describe an object as being
in what would otherwise be a
vacuum. The quality of a
vacuum refers to how closely
it approaches a perfect
vacuum. The residual gas
pressure is the primary
indicator of quality, and is
most commonly measured in
units called torr, even in
metric contexts. Lower
pressures indicate higher
quality, although other
variables must also be taken
into account. Quantum theory
sets limits for the best
possible quality of vacuum,
predicting that no volume of
space can be perfectly
empty. Outer space is a
natural high quality vacuum,
mostly of much higher
quality than can be created
artificially with current
technology. Low quality
artificial vacuums have been
used for suction for many
years.
XY: Parylene
is the trade name for a
variety of polyxylylene
polymers marketed by several
providers, including Kisco
Conformal Coating, LLC [1],
Para Tech Coating, Inc. [2],
Specialty Coating Systems,
Inc. [3], Parylene Coating
Services and others.
Parylene N is a polymer
manufactured from
di-p-xylylene, a dimer
synthesized from p-xylylene.
Di-p-xylylene, more properly
known as [2.2]
paracyclophane, is made from
p-xylylene in several steps
involving bromination,
amination and elimination.
ZEROVOC:
Serova is a water-based,
solvent free, super
hydrophobic, self-reactive
siliconate HYBRID protective
water sealer. I is
formulated to deeply
penetrate and chemically
react within the treated
material on a molecular
level. Because of the unique
cross-linking and symbiotic
relationship of the
components contained in this
compound, this chemical
reaction forms a hard,
tight, insoluble,
microscopic crystalline
structure within the treated
material creating an
impermeable water barrier.
The unique crystalline
structure actually fuses
into the material,
encapsulating surface and
interior particles while
filling up capillaries and
macro and micro spaces
within the material. Once
the protective water sealer
is fully dried the effect is
irreversible and the water
resistance of the treated
material is permanent. If
combines the latest advances
in the water sealer
technology with tried and
proven silicate technology
creating a protective water
sealer that is unmatched and
unsurpassed at withstanding
the elements. It is a
“one-of-a-kind” protective
water sealer and is the
result of years of research
based upon advanced reactive
siliconate technology. It is
in a class by itself and
differs greatly from other
water repellents and water
sealers on the market.
Zerovoc was developed for
any application where
long-term durability and
extreme water protection are
required.